[转]老蒋《三页A4纸摄影教程》

写得真是通俗易懂，大学摄影课我花了好多时间才弄明白这些概念。

以下内容转自白板报

【白板报按】2008年春天，地震来临之前，我初学摄影，就接到了一项到都江堰采访加摄影的任务。我背着从王小街那里借来的佳能350D入门单反，利用空中飞行的两个多小时，学完了纽约摄影学院四年才能讲明白的教程。原因就是我手里有一本不传之秘，这就是老蒋专门为我写的《三页A4纸摄影教程》。

这份教程我一直秘不示人，除非好友相求，我才千叮咛万嘱咐地给他们看一眼。今天，眼见白板报一片荒芜，为了力挽颓势，我决定擅自发布这本教程。

老蒋说，要有光。

《三页A4纸摄影教程》

作者：老蒋

科学家和工程师降低了摄影这个事的技术门槛，人人都能拍，要想拍的好一点也只需要很少的技术知识，我写的不准确，但是够用了。

先说决定一张照片的主要技术因素：

1. 光。没有光就没法拍了，当然还有夜里也能拍的特殊设备，比如红外摄影，这些课题一般人不会遇到。记住，影响照片的第一要素就是光。充足的光照就好拍照，中午比傍晚强，白天的室外比室内强。

2. 快门。也说快门速度、速度。其实是个时间概念，用时间表示。比如1/125，1/8秒。相机的这个动作就是打开进光的门，1/125秒就是门打开1/125秒就关上了，比一般的门速度快多了，因为快，所以叫快门。通常用S表示快门速度，是second的字头。快门这个东西通常在机身上，专业器材里有镜间快门，由装在镜头里得名。

3. 光圈。就是进光的洞。它在镜头里面，可以开大，可以开小。一般用F＋数字，表示光圈大小，比如F8，F5.6，F22。可恶的是，数字越大，这个洞越小。

4. 感光度。这玩意指胶片感光的速度，有的敏感，就快。有的迟顿，就慢。用ISO表示。比如ISO50，ISO800，数值越小越慢。

相机拍下一张照片需要一定的光量。快门，光圈和感光度组合起来就达成了。可以理解为门开多大，开多长时间，这样就决定了进来多少光，这个过程就叫曝光。当然光要照在胶片或者数码相机的CCD上（这玩意就相当于胶片），所以胶片的敏感度也是因素之一。

快门＋光圈＋感光度＝光量。

比如：

（快门）S1/125+（光圈）F8＋（感光度）ISO100=准确的光量。

那么，

（快门）S1/60+（光圈）F16＋（感光度）ISO100=准确的光量。

就是说，时间多了一倍，门小了一倍，光量还是一样的。

或者，

（快门）S1/250+（光圈）F8＋（感光度）ISO200=准确的光量。

就是说，时间少了一倍，门没变，敏感度高了一倍，光量还是正确的。

现在你该搞明白了，快门，光圈，感光度，都可以变化，总能搞出正确的光量。胶卷的感光度是不变的，装进去一卷ISO100的，你只要操控快门和速度了。但是数码相机的感光度是随时可调的，但也范不着老去调它。

忘记说，在机械时代，这些狗屁数字基本都是倍数。比如F8，是比F16大一倍的洞。1/125秒是比1/250秒慢一倍的时间。ISO200比ISO100的敏感度高一倍。自动相机和后来的数字相机都可以实现无级的光圈、快门调节。所以你会看到更多的数字，比如1/35秒，F4.2。

自动曝光

那会不会计算起来很晕？

不会的，只会更加省事了，上面说的是原理。现在的相机都是自动曝光，就是自动计算需要的光量。相机通常有些模式，比如自动，AUTO表示，你就什么都不用管了，丫自己感觉光，算出合适的一组光圈和速度。咱们可以比自动多一点控制，比如TV模式，即速度优先，你选了这个模式，再选一个快门速度，它就一直按这个快门速度自己决定正确的光圈。所以叫速度优先，快门优先，还有叫速度先决的，术语真恐怖。

还有你熟悉的AV，不是日本AV，是光圈优先，你定光圈，相机自己算快门速度。顺便说一下，曝光不足，曝光过度，是两个常用术语。黑漆漆就是不足，白花花就是过度。数码时代这基本不是问题了，用不同曝光多拍几张就行了。

曝光的依据是测光

那么相机是怎么算出来光量的呢？通过一个叫测光的设备。光有多亮这个事是可以测量的，要不相机的生产就乱套了。相机都是内测光，就是测量取景器看到的画面，这个画面有多亮。因此，老大，你可以立刻得出结论，丫测的是反射光，是在光照下，不同物体对光的反射。所以这个测光不是特别靠谱。很多人依靠自动测光拍雪景拍出来是灰色的，拍煤厂拍出来也不黑，是反射率的问题。那么老大肯定想到了，一定有更靠谱的测光设备，对，测入射光。就是测量光源的亮度，这玩意准确。”入射式测光表”是一个独立的设备，像秒表，血压计那些玩意一样，不装在相机里，因为装里面也没用，相机是密闭的，里面没光。装外边也不行，因为你拍的画面可能离你站立的地方很远，他们的光照条件不一样。其实主要这玩意是个专业设备，也不特别结实。它的工作方式跟自动曝光一样，你可以定个光圈，让它测出需要的快门速度。

用什么优先

既然前面说到速度，光圈，感光度是一组数值，而感光度不需要老换。就剩速度，光圈了，用什么优先呢？光圈优先还是快门优先？

速度太慢了，端不稳相机，拍出来图像发虚。通常，低于1/30秒就很难端稳了。是的，保持那么一会的稳定都很困难，这超乎想像。跟射击项目差不多，不练练是很难保持稳定的。更慢的快门速度，比如1秒，练也是练不出来的。但老大的身材天生具备良好的稳定性，应该能拿下很慢的快门速度。干嘛不用高速的快门呢？光照有限的时候，门开最大了，还得多开一会才行，这也是不得已。三角架就是干这个用的，保持稳定。总结一下，快门优先通常不好使，但拍体育的那些人可能经常用。这里顺便说这个问题，被摄体运动速度快，快门慢了是没法凝固运动瞬间的。被摄体的运动跟快门速度的关系决定画面效果：比如拍个瀑布，用慢速度，1/30秒，拍出来瀑布像雾像雨又像风，很轻盈。因为：

瀑布运动速度>快门速度，在1/30秒的时间里，瀑布可能跃下了10米，运动过程投射在胶片上就是虚的。

相反，用高速，比如1/5000秒，

瀑布运动速度<快门速度

那么拍出来瀑布很像固体，看上去能砸死人。

光圈优先/焦点/景深

除了被摄体运动速度很要紧的情况以外。最重要的手段就是你喜爱的AV，光圈优先。光圈优先之所以更重要，更常用，除了跟AV同名，还有个极为极为重要的原因，是景深。

我又说胡涂了，还没说焦点，就扯出景深了。好在这俩术语关联紧密。可以这样简单的理解焦点：相机没法让前后的被摄体在照片里都清楚，它保证一个点清晰，这个点就是焦点。这个点无关左右，而是前后，是个深度的概念。景深这个概念围绕焦点，就是在焦点前后，还有更远一点和更近一点的空间能清晰，这个清晰的距离就是景深，景的空间深度。总的来说，焦点后面的清晰距离多一些，前面的少一些。比如焦点后面1米还清楚，焦点前面20厘米就不行了。

这个景深跟光圈的关系密不可分，是个光学问题，只需记住不用理解。

光圈大则景深小，光圈小则景深大。

F2，景深很小。F32，景深很大。

我只想拍清楚焦点，关心景深做什么？利用景深能模糊掉你不想要的杂七杂八，突出主体。这很要紧，照相机没心没肺，它看到的通常太多，显得杂乱，老大可以善用景深以滤之。还有决定景深的机械指标是镜头：

1.长镜头，就是望远镜，大炮，景深小。参见周老虎作品。

2.短镜头，就是广角镜头，景深大。参见CGX作品。

3.微距镜头，景深更小。

镜头

这就得说说镜头了。

1. 广角镜头。可以近距离拍到很大场景。CGX的摄影距离是很近的，长镜头用不上。

2. 长镜头。相当于望远镜，体育比赛和领导开会只能从远处拍，所以场边一排大炮。
带着相机去摄影器材店把镜头挨个拧上试一遍是最好的了解方式。

镜头有单一功能的，定焦。不能拉近推远，只能靠你自己前后跑动。比如24广角。300长焦，功能单一，但是做工和品质一定优良，光圈大，F比如1.2。也有变焦镜头，比如35-200，既能广角也能长焦了，不用你来回跑了，不用背一堆镜头出门了。缺点就是光圈做不过定焦，可能F4就最大了。反正器材不是老大的重点，够用就行了。

其它诀窍

1. 多拍。数码相机就不怕多拍。设定不同的数值，拍完马上传到电脑上看，区别一目了然。别在相机上看，细节看不出来。数码相机的最大贡献就是马上出结果，解放了记忆力，在零成本的练习中，很容易掌握正确的办法。

2. 除了灵活AV外，曝光补偿功能最常用。其实不像字面的意思，不是补足，是增减的意思，在快门和光圈定好之外，再用曝光补偿微调。

3. 颗粒感。感光度跟颗粒感有关系，感光度越高颗粒越大，有时候颗粒感很漂亮。

4. 色温。是光源的色彩的问题。现在数码相机上也叫白平衡。通常可以选则晴天，阴天，白炽灯，日光灯等，因为这些光源的颜色不同。可以试试在日光灯下偏不设定日光灯，设定成白炽灯，照片出来色彩非常冷。这就带出最后一个问题。

5. 摄影是主观的，再现是根本不存在的。技术技巧都是为了控制影像接近主观感受，多些主观吧。

老蒋 08.2.26

发布者

Knight

Cast a cold Eye On Life，on Death Knight，pass by！

《[转]老蒋《三页A4纸摄影教程》》上有32条评论

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